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Development schedule by electricity market: a Gantt with leads and lags
Months from the interconnection request, market by market. Green bars are the operator's own published step durations placed end to end; amber dashed bars are lags the rules impose (a wait for the next window, a decision point, a deadline to elect the next study); purple bars are leads, developer work that a source says must start before a later milestone; blue bars are developer work that runs alongside the studies; grey bars and the operation marker are site-created illustrations, not market-specific forecasts. A lighter tail on a bar is the range between the minimum and maximum the source gives.
Jump to: ERCOT · SPP · MISO · PJM · CAISO · NYISO · ISO New England · FERC default
ERCOT (Texas)
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ERCOT staff: 18 to 30 months from request to commissioning for 10 MW and up, before construction or supply delays. Berkeley Lab (2026 edition): about 24 months to an agreement in ERCOT on average; 61 months to operation for the typical project built in 2025 across regions. (ERCOT, Oct. 2024; Berkeley Lab, Queued Up 2026: ERCOT requests reach an agreement in about 24 months on average; Berkeley Lab, Queued Up 2026: median 61 months from request to operation for 2025 builds)
Every bar, with its source
- Interconnection request (INR) review Operator step ERCOT has 10 days to review the INR for completeness. (ERCOT INR guide)
- Screening study Illustration Security screening study by ERCOT. The deck gives no duration; this span is our placement. The bar range is illustrative, not a published processing deadline. (ERCOT staff deck (IEEE PES Austin))
- Lag: elect the Full Interconnection Study Lag Up to 180 days to elect the FIS after screening results, or the request is cancelled. (ERCOT staff deck)
- Full Interconnection Study (host TSP) Illustration FIS with the lead transmission service provider; ERCOT names the TSP within 10 business days of the election (deck). The span is our placement; the deck gives none. The bar range is illustrative, not a published processing deadline. (ERCOT staff deck)
- Interconnection agreement (SGIA) Illustration SGIA with the TSP; new form for agreements signed on or after Jan 1, 2026 (PUCT Project 58211). The span is our placement; the notice gives none. The bar range is illustrative, not a published processing deadline. (ERCOT market notice M-A120125-02)
- Quarterly stability assessment Illustration Run every three months for projects planning to synchronize 5 to 7 months out (PGRR146 would make it every four; at TAC as of Oct. 2026, recommended effective Sept. 1, 2027). The span is our placement. The bar range is illustrative, not a published processing deadline. (ERCOT staff deck)
- Site control (option term) Lead Before the request: ERCOT requires proof of site control with the INR; land agreements can carry a 3 to 10 year development term. The six-month head start shown is illustrative, not a rule. (ERCOT: an INR must include proof of site control; Stoel Rives, The Law of Wind: initial term 3 to 10 years)
- Phase I ESA, wetlands, species, cultural Developer work The 6–12 month work bar is an illustration, not a published package duration. AAI must be conducted or updated within one year of acquisition, with specified components within 180 days. Permit review clocks have their own conditions; THC reviews about 30 days. (EPA: AAI within one year; specified components within 180 days of acquisition; 33 CFR 330.1(e)(1): 45 days after a complete pre-construction notification; Texas Historical Commission: most Section 106 reviews within one 30-day period)
- Lead: order transformers Lead Lead: power transformers averaged 128 weeks and GSUs 144 weeks in the 2025 survey, these historical lead times are planning references, not current quotes or mandated order dates. The placement uses the illustrative operation marker. (POWER Magazine on Wood Mackenzie Q2 2025 survey: power transformers 128 weeks, GSUs 144 weeks)
- Construction (illustration) Illustration Illustrative construction placement only. Subtracting an agreement statistic from a national operation median does not establish construction duration; obtain a project-specific EPC schedule. ()
- PGC registration (before first MW) Milestone Registration is required before generation; the nine-month placement and bar length are illustrations, not processing deadlines. (16 TAC 25.109: register as a power generation company before first generation)
- Lag: sync → commercial operation Lag A maximum commissioning period after synchronization approval, not a mandatory wait. The chart placement is illustrative. (ERCOT PGRR103: 180 days from synchronization approval to commercial operation)
- Scenario operation marker Milestone Illustrative scenario marker used to position parallel work. It is not a forecast, an operator deadline, or a market-specific median. ()
SPP
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About 180 days from the close of the window to an agreement on paper, plus the wait for the window; not yet proven, the first cycle is still underway. In-service dates may be up to 7 years from the request (10 by agreement). (SPP tariff filing; SPP compliance filing)
Every bar, with its source
- Lag: annual window (Dec 15–Feb 15) Illustration Applications are taken once a year once the transition ends; a request ready in March waits until December. The 0–12 month bar is an example wait, not a guaranteed annual window or a maximum. (SPP tariff filing, p. 28)
- Application review and cure Operator step 60-day review period; 10 business days to cure each deficiency notice. (SPP tariff filing, p. 29)
- Interconnection cluster study Operator step Up to 180 days after the review period closes. (SPP compliance filing)
- Lag: decision point Lag A single decision point of 20 business days after results post. (SPP compliance filing)
- Restudy + facilities study (if needed) Operator step Up to 60 + 60 days for projects at locations not in the plan. (SPP tariff filing, pp. 31–33)
- Interconnection agreement Illustration SPP told FERC the new process should reach a signed agreement about 180 days after the window closes. The bar range is illustrative, not a published processing deadline. (SPP filing, p. 20)
- Site control (option term) Lead Before the request: operators require site control with the request (FERC Order 2023 sets 90% at submission for jurisdictional markets); land agreements can carry a 3 to 10 year development term. The six-month head start shown is illustrative, not a rule. (Stoel Rives, The Law of Wind: initial term 3 to 10 years)
- Phase I ESA, wetlands, species, cultural Developer work The 6–12 month work bar is an illustration, not a published package duration. AAI must be conducted or updated within one year of acquisition, with specified components within 180 days. Permit review clocks have their own conditions; state historic-preservation review clocks vary by state. (EPA: AAI within one year; specified components within 180 days of acquisition; 33 CFR 330.1(e)(1): 45 days after a complete pre-construction notification)
- Lead: order transformers Lead Lead: power transformers averaged 128 weeks and GSUs 144 weeks in the 2025 survey, these historical lead times are planning references, not current quotes or mandated order dates. The placement uses the illustrative operation marker. (POWER Magazine on Wood Mackenzie Q2 2025 survey: power transformers 128 weeks, GSUs 144 weeks)
- Construction (illustration) Illustration Illustrative construction placement only. Subtracting an agreement statistic from a national operation median does not establish construction duration; obtain a project-specific EPC schedule. ()
- Scenario operation marker Milestone Illustrative scenario marker used to position parallel work. It is not a forecast, an operator deadline, or a market-specific median. ()
MISO (Illinois, Indiana and 13 other states)
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About 505 days from cycle start to a signed agreement on paper; in practice the DPP-2021 cycle was still finishing in 2026. ERAS fast track: about 90 days from kickoff to agreement for qualifying projects. (MISO DPP schedule; FERC order on ERAS)
Every bar, with its source
- Lag: annual DPP cycle Illustration One Definitive Planning Phase cycle a year (DPP-2026 applications closed Sept 10, 2026; kickoff Dec 9). The 0–12 month bar is an example wait, not a guaranteed annual window or a maximum. (MISO DPP schedule)
- DPP Phase 1 Operator step About 140 days; the decision point is within the source phase span and is not added again here. (MISO DPP schedule)
- DPP Phase 2 Operator step About 80 days; the decision point is within the source phase span and is not added again here. (MISO DPP schedule)
- DPP Phase 3 Operator step About 135 days; agreement work follows. (MISO DPP schedule)
- GIA drafting and execution Operator step The source diagram allocates about 150 days to GIA work; the three phases and GIA total about 505 days. (MISO DPP schedule)
- Site control (option term) Lead Before the request: operators require site control with the request (FERC Order 2023 sets 90% at submission for jurisdictional markets); land agreements can carry a 3 to 10 year development term. The six-month head start shown is illustrative, not a rule. (Stoel Rives, The Law of Wind: initial term 3 to 10 years)
- Phase I ESA, wetlands, species, cultural Developer work The 6–12 month work bar is an illustration, not a published package duration. AAI must be conducted or updated within one year of acquisition, with specified components within 180 days. Permit review clocks have their own conditions; state historic-preservation review clocks vary by state. (EPA: AAI within one year; specified components within 180 days of acquisition; 33 CFR 330.1(e)(1): 45 days after a complete pre-construction notification)
- County hearing (Illinois, 60-day limit) Developer work The county must finish its public hearing within 60 days of the application. (55 ILCS 5/5-12020: county public hearing must finish within 60 days)
- Lead: order transformers Lead Lead: power transformers averaged 128 weeks and GSUs 144 weeks in the 2025 survey, these historical lead times are planning references, not current quotes or mandated order dates. The placement uses the illustrative operation marker. (POWER Magazine on Wood Mackenzie Q2 2025 survey: power transformers 128 weeks, GSUs 144 weeks)
- Construction (illustration) Illustration Illustrative construction placement only. Subtracting an agreement statistic from a national operation median does not establish construction duration; obtain a project-specific EPC schedule. ()
- Scenario operation marker Milestone Illustrative scenario marker used to position parallel work. It is not a forecast, an operator deadline, or a market-specific median. ()
PJM (ComEd territory in Illinois, and 12 other states)
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About 690 days per cycle on paper; PJM says agreements will take one to two years. The Expedited Interconnection Track (July 31, 2026) runs about 300 days for qualifying projects of 250 MW or more. (PJM training; PJM Inside Lines; PJM EIT presentation)
Every bar, with its source
- Lag: next cycle window Illustration Cycle 1 closed April 27, 2026 and is expected to finish in 2028; PJM has not published a fixed Cycle 2 window. The 0–12 month bar is an example wait, not a guaranteed annual window or a maximum. (PJM)
- Application review Operator step At least 90 days. (PJM training, Feb. 2026)
- Phase I system impact study Operator step About 120 days. (PJM training)
- Lag: Decision Point I Lag 30 days. (PJM Manual 14H)
- Phase II system impact study Operator step About 180 days. (PJM training)
- Lag: Decision Point II Lag 30 days. (PJM Manual 14H)
- Phase III study, DP III and agreement Operator step About 180 days, with the agreement negotiated (about 60 days) alongside Decision Point III. (PJM training)
- Site control (option term) Lead Before the request: operators require site control with the request (FERC Order 2023 sets 90% at submission for jurisdictional markets); land agreements can carry a 3 to 10 year development term. The six-month head start shown is illustrative, not a rule. (Stoel Rives, The Law of Wind: initial term 3 to 10 years)
- Phase I ESA, wetlands, species, cultural Developer work The 6–12 month work bar is an illustration, not a published package duration. AAI must be conducted or updated within one year of acquisition, with specified components within 180 days. Permit review clocks have their own conditions; state historic-preservation review clocks vary by state. (EPA: AAI within one year; specified components within 180 days of acquisition; 33 CFR 330.1(e)(1): 45 days after a complete pre-construction notification)
- County hearing (Illinois, 60-day limit) Developer work The county must finish its public hearing within 60 days of the application. (55 ILCS 5/5-12020: county public hearing must finish within 60 days)
- Lead: order transformers Lead Lead: power transformers averaged 128 weeks and GSUs 144 weeks in the 2025 survey, these historical lead times are planning references, not current quotes or mandated order dates. The placement uses the illustrative operation marker. (POWER Magazine on Wood Mackenzie Q2 2025 survey: power transformers 128 weeks, GSUs 144 weeks)
- Construction (illustration) Illustration Illustrative construction placement only. Subtracting an agreement statistic from a national operation median does not establish construction duration; obtain a project-specific EPC schedule. ()
- Scenario operation marker Milestone Illustrative scenario marker used to position parallel work. It is not a forecast, an operator deadline, or a market-specific median. ()
CAISO (California)
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From the October 2026 window into 2028 before agreements. Berkeley Lab: only 8% of CAISO projects requested 2000–2020 reached operation. (CAISO; Berkeley Lab, Queued Up 2026: median 61 months from request to operation for 2025 builds)
Every bar, with its source
- Lag: annual cluster window Illustration Cluster 16 window was October 1 to 15, 2026. The 0–12 month bar is an example wait, not a guaranteed annual window or a maximum. (CAISO)
- Intake, tie auction, validation Operator step October 2026 to January 2027 for Cluster 16. (CAISO)
- Phase I cluster study Operator step 150 days. (CAISO)
- Reassessment Operator step 180 days. (CAISO)
- Phase II facilities study Operator step 120 days after the study agreement. (CAISO)
- Agreement negotiation Operator step Utility drafts within 30 days; up to 60 days to negotiate. (CAISO)
- Site control (option term) Lead Before the request: operators require site control with the request (FERC Order 2023 sets 90% at submission for jurisdictional markets); land agreements can carry a 3 to 10 year development term. The six-month head start shown is illustrative, not a rule. (Stoel Rives, The Law of Wind: initial term 3 to 10 years)
- Phase I ESA, wetlands, species, cultural Developer work The 6–12 month work bar is an illustration, not a published package duration. AAI must be conducted or updated within one year of acquisition, with specified components within 180 days. Permit review clocks have their own conditions; state historic-preservation review clocks vary by state. (EPA: AAI within one year; specified components within 180 days of acquisition; 33 CFR 330.1(e)(1): 45 days after a complete pre-construction notification)
- Lead: order transformers Lead Lead: power transformers averaged 128 weeks and GSUs 144 weeks in the 2025 survey, these historical lead times are planning references, not current quotes or mandated order dates. The placement uses the illustrative operation marker. (POWER Magazine on Wood Mackenzie Q2 2025 survey: power transformers 128 weeks, GSUs 144 weeks)
- Construction (illustration) Illustration Illustrative construction placement only. Subtracting an agreement statistic from a national operation median does not establish construction duration; obtain a project-specific EPC schedule. ()
- Scenario operation marker Milestone Illustrative scenario marker used to position parallel work. It is not a forecast, an operator deadline, or a market-specific median. ()
NYISO (New York)
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The tariff steps alone add to about 19 months before final decisions (our arithmetic). (NYISO tariff)
Every bar, with its source
- Lag: annual cluster window Illustration 2026 cluster window July 31 to September 14, 2026. The 0–12 month bar is an example wait, not a guaranteed annual window or a maximum. (NYISO notice)
- Window and customer engagement Operator step 45-day window, then a 70-day customer engagement window. (NYISO tariff; NYISO tariff)
- Phase 1 study Operator step 190 days. (NYISO tariff)
- Phase 2 study (with deliverability) Operator step 270 days. (NYISO tariff)
- Final decisions and agreement Illustration Not fixed in the steps above; our placement. The bar range is illustrative, not a published processing deadline. (NYISO tariff)
- Site control (option term) Lead Before the request: operators require site control with the request (FERC Order 2023 sets 90% at submission for jurisdictional markets); land agreements can carry a 3 to 10 year development term. The six-month head start shown is illustrative, not a rule. (Stoel Rives, The Law of Wind: initial term 3 to 10 years)
- Phase I ESA, wetlands, species, cultural Developer work The 6–12 month work bar is an illustration, not a published package duration. AAI must be conducted or updated within one year of acquisition, with specified components within 180 days. Permit review clocks have their own conditions; state historic-preservation review clocks vary by state. (EPA: AAI within one year; specified components within 180 days of acquisition; 33 CFR 330.1(e)(1): 45 days after a complete pre-construction notification)
- Lead: order transformers Lead Lead: power transformers averaged 128 weeks and GSUs 144 weeks in the 2025 survey, these historical lead times are planning references, not current quotes or mandated order dates. The placement uses the illustrative operation marker. (POWER Magazine on Wood Mackenzie Q2 2025 survey: power transformers 128 weeks, GSUs 144 weeks)
- Construction (illustration) Illustration Illustrative construction placement only. Subtracting an agreement statistic from a national operation median does not establish construction duration; obtain a project-specific EPC schedule. ()
- Scenario operation marker Milestone Illustrative scenario marker used to position parallel work. It is not a forecast, an operator deadline, or a market-specific median. ()
ISO New England
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The transitional cluster took about 10 months of study; its agreements are due October 20, 2026. Berkeley Lab: 18% of ISO-NE requests from 2000–2020 reached operation. (ISO-NE; Berkeley Lab, Queued Up 2026: median 61 months from request to operation for 2025 builds)
Every bar, with its source
- Lag: cluster window Illustration First regular window October 5 to November 19, 2026; no new requests were accepted from June 13, 2024 until then. The 0–12 month bar is an example wait, not a guaranteed annual window or a maximum. (ISO-NE memo)
- Window and customer engagement Operator step 45-day window, 60-day engagement window. (ISO-NE; ISO-NE memo)
- Cluster study Operator step 270 days (FERC allowed more than the standard 150). (FERC order)
- Cluster restudy, if needed Operator step 90 days. (FERC order)
- Facilities study Operator step 90 or 180 days; can be waived. (FERC order)
- Agreement negotiation Operator step 60 days. (ISO-NE)
- Site control (option term) Lead Before the request: operators require site control with the request (FERC Order 2023 sets 90% at submission for jurisdictional markets); land agreements can carry a 3 to 10 year development term. The six-month head start shown is illustrative, not a rule. (Stoel Rives, The Law of Wind: initial term 3 to 10 years)
- Phase I ESA, wetlands, species, cultural Developer work The 6–12 month work bar is an illustration, not a published package duration. AAI must be conducted or updated within one year of acquisition, with specified components within 180 days. Permit review clocks have their own conditions; state historic-preservation review clocks vary by state. (EPA: AAI within one year; specified components within 180 days of acquisition; 33 CFR 330.1(e)(1): 45 days after a complete pre-construction notification)
- Lead: order transformers Lead Lead: power transformers averaged 128 weeks and GSUs 144 weeks in the 2025 survey, these historical lead times are planning references, not current quotes or mandated order dates. The placement uses the illustrative operation marker. (POWER Magazine on Wood Mackenzie Q2 2025 survey: power transformers 128 weeks, GSUs 144 weeks)
- Construction (illustration) Illustration Illustrative construction placement only. Subtracting an agreement statistic from a national operation median does not establish construction duration; obtain a project-specific EPC schedule. ()
- Scenario operation marker Milestone Illustrative scenario marker used to position parallel work. It is not a forecast, an operator deadline, or a market-specific median. ()
FERC default (Southeast utilities, non-RTO West)
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FERC's default deadlines; each utility's tariff can differ. Berkeley Lab: non-RTO Western projects reach agreements faster, but only 10% of 2000–2020 requests reached operation. (FERC pro forma LGIP; Berkeley Lab, Queued Up 2026: median 61 months from request to operation for 2025 builds)
Every bar, with its source
- Lag: utility's cluster window Illustration Each utility sets its window (Southern Company: Feb 17 to Apr 3, 2026). The 0–12 month bar is an example wait, not a guaranteed annual window or a maximum. (Southern Company)
- Window and customer engagement Operator step 45-day window, 60-day engagement window (FERC default). (FERC pro forma LGIP)
- Cluster study Operator step 150 days. (FERC pro forma LGIP)
- Cluster restudy, if needed Operator step Up to 150 days. (FERC pro forma LGIP)
- Facilities study Operator step 90 or 180 days depending on the cost accuracy requested. (Order No. 2023, Federal Register)
- Agreement Illustration Negotiated after the facilities study; late studies carry $1,000 to $2,500 per business day penalties. The bar range is illustrative, not a published processing deadline. (FERC pro forma LGIP)
- Site control (option term) Lead Before the request: operators require site control with the request (FERC Order 2023 sets 90% at submission for jurisdictional markets); land agreements can carry a 3 to 10 year development term. The six-month head start shown is illustrative, not a rule. (Stoel Rives, The Law of Wind: initial term 3 to 10 years)
- Phase I ESA, wetlands, species, cultural Developer work The 6–12 month work bar is an illustration, not a published package duration. AAI must be conducted or updated within one year of acquisition, with specified components within 180 days. Permit review clocks have their own conditions; state historic-preservation review clocks vary by state. (EPA: AAI within one year; specified components within 180 days of acquisition; 33 CFR 330.1(e)(1): 45 days after a complete pre-construction notification)
- Lead: order transformers Lead Lead: power transformers averaged 128 weeks and GSUs 144 weeks in the 2025 survey, these historical lead times are planning references, not current quotes or mandated order dates. The placement uses the illustrative operation marker. (POWER Magazine on Wood Mackenzie Q2 2025 survey: power transformers 128 weeks, GSUs 144 weeks)
- Construction (illustration) Illustration Illustrative construction placement only. Subtracting an agreement statistic from a national operation median does not establish construction duration; obtain a project-specific EPC schedule. ()
- Scenario operation marker Milestone Illustrative scenario marker used to position parallel work. It is not a forecast, an operator deadline, or a market-specific median. ()
How this page was made
Green operator bars use published durations from the interconnection page and placed end to end from the request date; ranges are drawn as a lighter tail. Developer-side bars use the handful of durations a public source actually states (transformer lead times, the Phase I shelf life, Corps and THC review clocks, ERCOT's 180-day commissioning limit, land-agreement terms) with illustrative placements for parallel work and the operation marker. National medians do not establish project construction duration. Where a placement is this site's own arithmetic, the note under the bar says so. Nothing here is advice.