{
  "researched": "2026-10-22",
  "scope": "Solar, wind, battery storage and associated site, access and transmission infrastructure in the 50 states and District of Columbia.",
  "states": [
    {
      "code": "AL",
      "name": "Alabama"
    },
    {
      "code": "AK",
      "name": "Alaska"
    },
    {
      "code": "AZ",
      "name": "Arizona"
    },
    {
      "code": "AR",
      "name": "Arkansas"
    },
    {
      "code": "CA",
      "name": "California"
    },
    {
      "code": "CO",
      "name": "Colorado"
    },
    {
      "code": "CT",
      "name": "Connecticut"
    },
    {
      "code": "DE",
      "name": "Delaware"
    },
    {
      "code": "DC",
      "name": "District of Columbia"
    },
    {
      "code": "FL",
      "name": "Florida"
    },
    {
      "code": "GA",
      "name": "Georgia"
    },
    {
      "code": "HI",
      "name": "Hawaii"
    },
    {
      "code": "ID",
      "name": "Idaho"
    },
    {
      "code": "IL",
      "name": "Illinois"
    },
    {
      "code": "IN",
      "name": "Indiana"
    },
    {
      "code": "IA",
      "name": "Iowa"
    },
    {
      "code": "KS",
      "name": "Kansas"
    },
    {
      "code": "KY",
      "name": "Kentucky"
    },
    {
      "code": "LA",
      "name": "Louisiana"
    },
    {
      "code": "ME",
      "name": "Maine"
    },
    {
      "code": "MD",
      "name": "Maryland"
    },
    {
      "code": "MA",
      "name": "Massachusetts"
    },
    {
      "code": "MI",
      "name": "Michigan"
    },
    {
      "code": "MN",
      "name": "Minnesota"
    },
    {
      "code": "MS",
      "name": "Mississippi"
    },
    {
      "code": "MO",
      "name": "Missouri"
    },
    {
      "code": "MT",
      "name": "Montana"
    },
    {
      "code": "NE",
      "name": "Nebraska"
    },
    {
      "code": "NV",
      "name": "Nevada"
    },
    {
      "code": "NH",
      "name": "New Hampshire"
    },
    {
      "code": "NJ",
      "name": "New Jersey"
    },
    {
      "code": "NM",
      "name": "New Mexico"
    },
    {
      "code": "NY",
      "name": "New York"
    },
    {
      "code": "NC",
      "name": "North Carolina"
    },
    {
      "code": "ND",
      "name": "North Dakota"
    },
    {
      "code": "OH",
      "name": "Ohio"
    },
    {
      "code": "OK",
      "name": "Oklahoma"
    },
    {
      "code": "OR",
      "name": "Oregon"
    },
    {
      "code": "PA",
      "name": "Pennsylvania"
    },
    {
      "code": "RI",
      "name": "Rhode Island"
    },
    {
      "code": "SC",
      "name": "South Carolina"
    },
    {
      "code": "SD",
      "name": "South Dakota"
    },
    {
      "code": "TN",
      "name": "Tennessee"
    },
    {
      "code": "TX",
      "name": "Texas"
    },
    {
      "code": "UT",
      "name": "Utah"
    },
    {
      "code": "VT",
      "name": "Vermont"
    },
    {
      "code": "VA",
      "name": "Virginia"
    },
    {
      "code": "WA",
      "name": "Washington"
    },
    {
      "code": "WV",
      "name": "West Virginia"
    },
    {
      "code": "WI",
      "name": "Wisconsin"
    },
    {
      "code": "WY",
      "name": "Wyoming"
    }
  ],
  "records": [
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Wetlands and navigable waters — Sections 404 / 10",
      "kind": "Application portal",
      "url": "https://rrs.usace.army.mil/rrs/",
      "when": "Dredged or fill material in jurisdictional waters, or structures/work in navigable waters. Ask the district about jurisdiction and the appropriate authorization.",
      "agency": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Alteration of a Corps project — Section 408",
      "kind": "Permission program",
      "url": "https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Section408/",
      "when": "Project may alter or use a Corps civil works project, such as a levee or flood-control facility.",
      "agency": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Species screening and ESA consultation",
      "kind": "Review tool",
      "url": "https://ipac.ecosphere.fws.gov/",
      "when": "Identify listed species and potential effects; follow the applicable consultation or permitting process. An IPaC result is not a construction permit.",
      "agency": "U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Incidental take / habitat conservation plan",
      "kind": "Permit application",
      "url": "https://www.fws.gov/service/3-200-56-incidental-take-permits-associated-habitat-conservation-plan",
      "when": "Non-federal activities that may cause prohibited take of listed species; coordinate with the responsible wildlife agency.",
      "agency": "U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Eagle take — eligible wind facilities",
      "kind": "Permit program",
      "url": "https://www.fws.gov/service/3-200-71-eagle-incidental-take-general-permit",
      "when": "Check eligibility and conditions for the wind general permit; projects outside that pathway need agency guidance.",
      "agency": "U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Eagle take — power lines",
      "kind": "Permit program",
      "url": "https://www.fws.gov/program/eagle-management/eagle-incidental-take-power-line-permits",
      "when": "Power-line activities with potential eagle take.",
      "agency": "U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Tall structures and airport proximity — Form 7460-1",
      "kind": "Notice / aviation review",
      "url": "https://www.faa.gov/forms/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentid/186273",
      "when": "Evaluate FAA notice criteria for turbines, towers, cranes and other construction. A determination does not replace land-use approval.",
      "agency": "Federal Aviation Administration",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Military compatibility",
      "kind": "Review program",
      "url": "https://www.dodclearinghouse.osd.mil/Project-Review/",
      "when": "Energy projects that may affect military operations, radar or aviation.",
      "agency": "Department of Defense",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Historic properties — Section 106",
      "kind": "Consultation / review",
      "url": "https://www.achp.gov/digital-library-section-106-landing/section-106-applicant-toolkit",
      "when": "A federal undertaking, permit, funding or other federal involvement may trigger historic-preservation review.",
      "agency": "Advisory Council on Historic Preservation",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Federal environmental review — NEPA",
      "kind": "Agency review",
      "url": "https://www.epa.gov/nepa/what-national-environmental-policy-act",
      "when": "Federal agency decisions may require environmental review. Work with the lead agency; NEPA is not a stand-alone local building permit.",
      "agency": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "BLM land and transmission rights-of-way",
      "kind": "Grant program",
      "url": "https://www.blm.gov/programs/lands-and-realty/rights-way",
      "when": "Generation, transmission, access or other authorized uses on BLM-administered public land.",
      "agency": "Bureau of Land Management",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "National Forest land — special use",
      "kind": "Permit program",
      "url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/working-with-us/contracts-commercial-permits",
      "when": "Infrastructure or other special uses of National Forest System lands; contact the relevant forest.",
      "agency": "U.S. Forest Service",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Indian land — leases and rights-of-way",
      "kind": "Approval program",
      "url": "https://www.bia.gov/service/leasing",
      "when": "Projects on Indian land may involve tribal, landowner and BIA approvals. Check the specific land status and tribal authority.",
      "agency": "Bureau of Indian Affairs / relevant tribe",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Tribal leasing under the HEARTH Act",
      "kind": "Approval framework",
      "url": "https://www.bia.gov/service/HEARTH-Act",
      "when": "Some tribes administer approved leasing regulations. Confirm whether BIA or tribal approval applies.",
      "agency": "Bureau of Indian Affairs / relevant tribe",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Offshore renewable leases and grants",
      "kind": "Lease / grant program",
      "url": "https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/lease-and-grant-information",
      "when": "Renewable energy development on the federal Outer Continental Shelf; subsequent project approvals may also be needed.",
      "agency": "Bureau of Ocean Energy Management",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Marine mammal incidental take",
      "kind": "Authorization application",
      "url": "https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/apply-incidental-take-authorization",
      "when": "Activities such as offshore construction that may incidentally take marine mammals under NOAA jurisdiction.",
      "agency": "NOAA Fisheries",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Bridges over navigable waters",
      "kind": "Permit application guidance",
      "url": "https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Prevention-Policy-CG-5P/Marine-Transportation-Systems-CG-5PW/Office-of-Bridge-Programs/Bridge-Permit-Application-Process/",
      "when": "New or modified bridges where Coast Guard bridge authority applies.",
      "agency": "U.S. Coast Guard",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Hydropower and pumped storage",
      "kind": "License process",
      "url": "https://www.ferc.gov/licensing/licensing-processes",
      "when": "Hydroelectric and pumped-storage projects subject to FERC licensing; this is not a battery-storage permit.",
      "agency": "Federal Energy Regulatory Commission",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Construction stormwater in EPA jurisdictions",
      "kind": "Permit program",
      "url": "https://www.epa.gov/npdes/construction-general-permit-cgp-frequent-questions",
      "when": "Land disturbance meeting coverage criteria where EPA is the permitting authority; check delegated state or tribal authority first.",
      "agency": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Who issues the stormwater permit?",
      "kind": "Agency directory",
      "url": "https://www.epa.gov/npdes/authorization-status-epas-construction-and-industrial-stormwater-programs",
      "when": "Identify whether EPA or a state issues construction and industrial stormwater permits; jurisdiction can differ on tribal lands.",
      "agency": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Water quality certification — Section 401",
      "kind": "Certification program",
      "url": "https://www.epa.gov/cwa-401/overview-cwa-section-401-certification",
      "when": "Certain federal licenses or permits involving potential discharges require certification by the authorized state, tribe or EPA.",
      "agency": "EPA / state / authorized tribe",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Oil spill prevention — SPCC",
      "kind": "Plan requirement guidance",
      "url": "https://www.epa.gov/oil-spills-prevention-and-preparedness-regulations/does-spill-prevention-control-and-countermeasure",
      "when": "Oil-containing equipment or storage may trigger a prevention plan. This is a plan requirement, not a routine permit application.",
      "agency": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Hazardous waste treatment, storage or disposal",
      "kind": "Permit program",
      "url": "https://www.epa.gov/hwpermitting",
      "when": "Check waste-management activities and the authorized state program; generator obligations differ from treatment/storage/disposal permitting.",
      "agency": "EPA / authorized state",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Hazardous chemical inventory — Tier II",
      "kind": "Reporting directory",
      "url": "https://www.epa.gov/epcra/state-tier-ii-reporting-requirements-and-procedures",
      "when": "Evaluate chemical inventory reporting thresholds and state instructions, including storage-system materials. Reporting is not a siting permit.",
      "agency": "EPA / state emergency planning authorities",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "Federal",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Coastal federal consistency",
      "kind": "Review program",
      "url": "https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/consistency/states/",
      "when": "Federal activities affecting a state's coastal uses or resources may require consistency review by the state coastal program.",
      "agency": "NOAA / state coastal program",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "AL",
      "title": "Alabama — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://adem.alabama.gov/water/npdes-programs/npdes-permits",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Alabama environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "AL",
      "title": "Alabama — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.sos.alabama.gov/city-county-lookup",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "AK",
      "title": "Alaska — Water quality agency",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://dec.alaska.gov/water/water-quality/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Alaska environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "AK",
      "title": "Alaska — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "AZ",
      "title": "Arizona — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://azdeq.gov/SWPPermitting",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Arizona environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "AZ",
      "title": "Arizona — Power Plant and Transmission Line Siting Committee",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://azcc.gov/arizona-power-plant",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Arizona energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "AZ",
      "title": "Arizona — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://azcounties.org/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "AR",
      "title": "Arkansas — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://adeq.state.ar.us/water/permits/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Arkansas environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "AR",
      "title": "Arkansas — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "CA",
      "title": "California — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/npdes/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "California environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "CA",
      "title": "California — Opt-In Certification Program",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/topics/power-plants/opt-certification-program",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "California energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "CA",
      "title": "California — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.counties.org/counties/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "CO",
      "title": "Colorado — Water quality permits",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://cdphe.colorado.gov/water-quality-permits",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit. Agency destination listed by EPA; automated access was blocked.",
      "agency": "Colorado environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "CO",
      "title": "Colorado — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "CT",
      "title": "Connecticut — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://portal.ct.gov/deep/water-regulating-and-discharges/regulating-water-usage-and-water-discharges",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Connecticut environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "CT",
      "title": "Connecticut — Siting Council application guide",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://portal.ct.gov/CSC/Application-Guide/Application-Guide/Application-Guide",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Connecticut energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "CT",
      "title": "Connecticut — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://portal.ct.gov/en/Government/Cities-and-Towns",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "DE",
      "title": "Delaware — Sediment and stormwater permitting",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://dnrec.delaware.gov/watershed-stewardship/sediment-stormwater/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Delaware environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "DE",
      "title": "Delaware — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://delaware.gov/guides/municipalities/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "DC",
      "title": "District of Columbia — Water quality regulations",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://doee.dc.gov/service/water-quality-regulations",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "District of Columbia environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "DC",
      "title": "District of Columbia — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "FL",
      "title": "Florida — Wastewater permitting",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://floridadep.gov/water/domestic-wastewater/content/wastewater-permitting",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Florida environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "FL",
      "title": "Florida — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "GA",
      "title": "Georgia — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://epd.georgia.gov/forms-permits/watershed-protection-branch-forms-permits/wastewater-permitting/national-pollutant",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Georgia environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "GA",
      "title": "Georgia — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.gacities.com/gma-cities-districts/gma-member-cities",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "HI",
      "title": "Hawaii — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://health.hawaii.gov/cwb/permitting-faqs/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Hawaii environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "HI",
      "title": "Hawaii — Energy project permitting resources",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://energy.hawaii.gov/project-development-center-tools/project-permitting-assistance-and-resources/",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Hawaii energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "HI",
      "title": "Hawaii — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://portal.ehawaii.gov/government/county-governments/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "ID",
      "title": "Idaho — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.deq.idaho.gov/permits/water-quality-permits-certifications/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Idaho environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "ID",
      "title": "Idaho — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "IL",
      "title": "Illinois — Water quality agency",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://epa.illinois.gov/topics/water-quality.html",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Illinois environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "IL",
      "title": "Illinois — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://apps.ilsos.gov/isa/localgovnameindexsrch.jsp",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "IN",
      "title": "Indiana — Construction stormwater permitting",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.in.gov/idem/stormwater/construction-land-disturbance-permitting/guidance-on-completing-the-noi-form/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Indiana environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "IN",
      "title": "Indiana — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.in.gov/counties/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "IA",
      "title": "Iowa — Water quality agency",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.iowadnr.gov/environmental-protection/water-quality",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Iowa environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "IA",
      "title": "Iowa — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.iowa.gov/local-government",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "KS",
      "title": "Kansas — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.kdhe.ks.gov/645/Wastewater-Stormwater-Permitting-Complia",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Kansas environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "KS",
      "title": "Kansas — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "KY",
      "title": "Kentucky — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://eec.ky.gov/Environmental-Protection/Water/PermitCert/KPDES/Pages/default.aspx",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Kentucky environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "KY",
      "title": "Kentucky — Electric Generation and Transmission Siting Board",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://psc.ky.gov/Home/EGTSB",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Kentucky energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "KY",
      "title": "Kentucky — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.kentucky.gov/government/Pages/local.aspx",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "LA",
      "title": "Louisiana — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.deq.louisiana.gov/page/lpdes",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Louisiana environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "LA",
      "title": "Louisiana — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.louisiana.gov/local-louisiana/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "ME",
      "title": "Maine — Stormwater and land permitting",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.maine.gov/dep/land/stormwater/storm.html",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Maine environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "ME",
      "title": "Maine — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MD",
      "title": "Maryland — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/water/wwp/pages/index.aspx",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Maryland environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MD",
      "title": "Maryland — CPCN process guide (PDF)",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://www.psc.state.md.us/electricity/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/CPCN-Process_REVISED-11-2024.pdf",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Maryland energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "MD",
      "title": "Maryland — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MA",
      "title": "Massachusetts — MassDEP permits and reporting",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.mass.gov/massdep-permitting-reporting",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Massachusetts environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MA",
      "title": "Massachusetts — Energy Facilities Siting Board",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://www.mass.gov/orgs/energy-facilities-siting-board",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Massachusetts energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "MA",
      "title": "Massachusetts — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MI",
      "title": "Michigan — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/egle/about/organization/water-resources/npdes",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Michigan environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MI",
      "title": "Michigan — Renewable energy and storage facility siting",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/mpsc/regulatory/facility-siting/renewable-energy-and-storage-facility-siting",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Michigan energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "MI",
      "title": "Michigan — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/som/about-michigan/michigan-counties",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MN",
      "title": "Minnesota — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/permitting-and-regulations",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Minnesota environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MN",
      "title": "Minnesota — Energy Infrastructure Permitting",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://puc.eip.mn.gov/",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Minnesota energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "MN",
      "title": "Minnesota — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://mn.gov/portal/government/local/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MS",
      "title": "Mississippi — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.mdeq.ms.gov/permits/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Mississippi environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "MS",
      "title": "Mississippi — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MO",
      "title": "Missouri — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://dnr.mo.gov/water/business-industry-other-entities/permits-certification-engineering-fees/wastewater",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Missouri environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "MO",
      "title": "Missouri — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://mo.gov/government",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MT",
      "title": "Montana — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://deq.mt.gov/water/assistance",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Montana environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "MT",
      "title": "Montana — Energy permitting assistance",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://deq.mt.gov/energy/assistance",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Montana energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "MT",
      "title": "Montana — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.mtcounties.org/counties/contact-a-county/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "NE",
      "title": "Nebraska — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://dwee.nebraska.gov/surface-water/water-quality-permitting/national-pollutant-discharge-elimination-systems-npdes-program",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Nebraska environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "NE",
      "title": "Nebraska — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.nebraska.gov/attractions/city-county/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "NV",
      "title": "Nevada — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://ndep.nv.gov/water/water-pollution-control/permitting",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Nevada environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "NV",
      "title": "Nevada — Utility Environmental Protection Act applicant guide (PDF)",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://puc.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/pucnvgov/Content/About/Publications/UEPA_Guide_Electric.pdf",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Nevada energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "NV",
      "title": "Nevada — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://ce.naco.org/?find=true",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "NH",
      "title": "New Hampshire — Environmental agency",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.des.nh.gov/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit. Agency link listed by EPA; confirm current application with NHDES.",
      "agency": "New Hampshire environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "NH",
      "title": "New Hampshire — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "NJ",
      "title": "New Jersey — NJPDES program",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.nj.gov/dep/dwq/njpdes.htm",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "New Jersey environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "NJ",
      "title": "New Jersey — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.nj.gov/nj/gov/county/localgov.shtml",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "NM",
      "title": "New Mexico — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.env.nm.gov/surface-water-quality/point-source-regulation-section/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "New Mexico environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "NM",
      "title": "New Mexico — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.nmlegis.gov/Cities_And_Counties",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "NY",
      "title": "New York — SPDES permit program",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "http://dec.ny.gov/regulatory/permits-licenses/wastewater-stormwater-water-withdrawal/spdes-permit-program",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "New York environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "NY",
      "title": "New York — ORES renewable energy siting — FAQ",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://dps.ny.gov/node/29636",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "New York energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "NY",
      "title": "New York — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.ny.gov/counties",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "NC",
      "title": "North Carolina — Construction stormwater permitting",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/energy-mineral-and-land-resources/stormwater/stormwater-program/npdes-construction-program",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "North Carolina environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "NC",
      "title": "North Carolina — Utilities Commission applications and forms",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://ncuc.gov/appforms/forms.html",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "North Carolina energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "NC",
      "title": "North Carolina — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.sog.unc.edu/resources/microsites/knapp-library/counties-north-carolina",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "ND",
      "title": "North Dakota — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://deq.nd.gov/WQ/2_NDPDES_Permits/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "North Dakota environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "ND",
      "title": "North Dakota — Public Service Commission siting",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://www.psc.nd.gov/jurisdictions/siting",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "North Dakota energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "ND",
      "title": "North Dakota — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.nd.gov/government/local-government",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "OH",
      "title": "Ohio — Stormwater permitting",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions-and-offices/surface-water/permitting/stormwater-program",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Ohio environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "OH",
      "title": "Ohio — Power Siting Board — standard application",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://opsb.ohio.gov/processes/standard-process",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Ohio energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "OH",
      "title": "Ohio — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "OK",
      "title": "Oklahoma — Environmental agency",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://oklahoma.gov/deq.html",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Oklahoma environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "OK",
      "title": "Oklahoma — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "OR",
      "title": "Oregon — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.oregon.gov/deq/wq/wqpermits/Pages/default.aspx",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Oregon environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "OR",
      "title": "Oregon — Energy Facility Siting Council",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://www.oregon.gov/energy/facilities/pages/default.aspx",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Oregon energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "OR",
      "title": "Oregon — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://sos.oregon.gov/blue-book/government/pages/local.aspx",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "PA",
      "title": "Pennsylvania — Construction stormwater permits",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/programs-and-services/water/clean-water/stormwater-management/construction-stormwater",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Pennsylvania environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "PA",
      "title": "Pennsylvania — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "RI",
      "title": "Rhode Island — Construction stormwater permitting",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://dem.ri.gov/environmental-protection-bureau/water-resources/permitting/stormwater-permitting/construction",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Rhode Island environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "RI",
      "title": "Rhode Island — Energy Facility Siting Board",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://ripuc.ri.gov/general-information/efsb",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Rhode Island energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "RI",
      "title": "Rhode Island — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://opengov.sos.ri.gov/GOVDirectoryPublic/OfficialSearch?amp%3Bpage=IdxMuni&topmenuId=104",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "SC",
      "title": "South Carolina — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://des.sc.gov/programs/bureau-water/national-pollutant-discharge-elimination-system-npdes",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "South Carolina environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "SC",
      "title": "South Carolina — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://sc.gov/government",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "SD",
      "title": "South Dakota — Surface water quality agency",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://danr.sd.gov/OfficeOfWater/SurfaceWaterQuality/default.aspx",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "South Dakota environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "SD",
      "title": "South Dakota — Public Utilities Commission",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://puc.sd.gov/",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "South Dakota energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "SD",
      "title": "South Dakota — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.sdcounties.org/counties/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "TN",
      "title": "Tennessee — Construction stormwater permit",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://homebuilding.tn.gov/content/tn/environment/permits/water/npdes-permits1/npdes-stormwater-permitting-program/npdes-stormwater-construction-permit.html",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Tennessee environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "TN",
      "title": "Tennessee — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "TX",
      "title": "Texas — Construction stormwater permit",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.tceq.texas.gov/permitting/stormwater/construction/index/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Texas environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "TX",
      "title": "Texas — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://directory.tml.org/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "UT",
      "title": "Utah — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://deq.utah.gov/sbeap/water-quality-permitting",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Utah environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "UT",
      "title": "Utah — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.utah.gov/government/cityCounty.html",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "VT",
      "title": "Vermont — Construction stormwater permits",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://dec.vermont.gov/watershed/stormwater/permit-information-applications-fees/stormwater-construction-discharge-permits",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Vermont environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "VT",
      "title": "Vermont — Public Utility Commission application forms",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://puc.vermont.gov/about-us/forms",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Vermont energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "VT",
      "title": "Vermont — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "VA",
      "title": "Virginia — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://www.deq.virginia.gov/news-info/shortcuts/permits",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Virginia environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "VA",
      "title": "Virginia — Renewable energy permits",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://www.deq.virginia.gov/news-info/shortcuts/permits/renewable-energy",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Virginia energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "VA",
      "title": "Virginia — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.virginia.gov/local-government/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "WA",
      "title": "Washington — Construction stormwater permit",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://ecology.wa.gov/regulations-permits/permits-certifications/stormwater-general-permits/construction-stormwater-permit",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Washington environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "WA",
      "title": "Washington — EFSEC — apply for certification",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://efsec.wa.gov/siting-process/apply-certification",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Washington energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "WA",
      "title": "Washington — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "WV",
      "title": "West Virginia — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://dep.wv.gov/WWE/permit/Pages/default.aspx",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "West Virginia environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "WV",
      "title": "West Virginia — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "WI",
      "title": "Wisconsin — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/Wastewater/Permits.html",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Wisconsin environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "WI",
      "title": "Wisconsin — Construction project review",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://psc.wi.gov/Pages/CommissionActions/ConstructionProjectReviewal.aspx",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Wisconsin energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "WI",
      "title": "Wisconsin — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.wicounties.org/the-counties/",
      "when": "Locate the relevant government using this directory; some directories list only cities or only counties. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "State government / local-government association",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "WY",
      "title": "Wyoming — Water permitting programs",
      "kind": "Agency / program",
      "url": "https://deq.wyoming.gov/water-quality/wypdes/",
      "when": "Start with this agency for the linked water program. Check construction stormwater, wastewater and water-quality approvals separately; this link does not cover every environmental permit.",
      "agency": "Wyoming environmental authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "State",
      "state": "WY",
      "title": "Wyoming — Industrial siting permits",
      "kind": "Siting / approval program",
      "url": "https://deq.wyoming.gov/industrial-siting-2/permitting/",
      "when": "Confirm technology, project size, location and the current state-versus-local approval pathway with this authority.",
      "agency": "Wyoming energy / siting authority",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "WY",
      "title": "Wyoming — local government contacts",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://www.usa.gov/local-governments",
      "when": "Select your state in the national directory, then locate the responsible local government. Confirm municipal boundaries and any separate fire, drainage, water or other district authority.",
      "agency": "USAGov",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "County",
      "state": "TX",
      "title": "Travis County — commercial site development",
      "kind": "Permit application guidance",
      "url": "https://www.traviscountytx.gov/tnr/development-services/apply-for-a-permit/commercial-site-plan",
      "when": "Commercial site development, including applicable utility projects in county jurisdiction.",
      "agency": "Travis County Development Services",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "County",
      "state": "TX",
      "title": "Harris County — permits A to Z",
      "kind": "Permit catalog",
      "url": "https://oce.harriscountytx.gov/Services/Permits/Permits-A-to-Z",
      "when": "Find site development, floodplain, wastewater, road and related county approvals; confirm jurisdiction.",
      "agency": "Harris County Engineering",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "County",
      "state": "IL",
      "title": "Cook County — e-permits",
      "kind": "Application portal",
      "url": "https://www.cookcountyil.gov/service/e-permits",
      "when": "Building and zoning applications for applicable work in unincorporated Cook County.",
      "agency": "Cook County Building and Zoning",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "County",
      "state": "AZ",
      "title": "Maricopa County — permit directory",
      "kind": "Permit catalog",
      "url": "https://www.maricopa.gov/5116/Permit/",
      "when": "Planning, flood control, air quality, environmental and road permits; issuing departments have different jurisdictions.",
      "agency": "Maricopa County",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "County",
      "state": "CA",
      "title": "San Diego County — online permitting",
      "kind": "Application portal",
      "url": "https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/pds/pdsonlineservices.html",
      "when": "County planning and building services; check the applicable unincorporated-area and project-specific requirements.",
      "agency": "San Diego County Planning & Development Services",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "County",
      "state": "CA",
      "title": "San Diego County — solar permitting",
      "kind": "Permit program",
      "url": "https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/sdc/pds/solarpv.html",
      "when": "Solar-specific guidance, including land-use review for off-site-use installations.",
      "agency": "San Diego County Planning & Development Services",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "NY",
      "title": "New York City — energy storage systems",
      "kind": "Approval program",
      "url": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/buildings/codes/energy-storage-system.page",
      "when": "Battery storage building and fire approval pathways; coordinate DOB and FDNY requirements.",
      "agency": "NYC Department of Buildings",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "TX",
      "title": "Austin — standalone trade permits",
      "kind": "Permit application guidance",
      "url": "https://www.austintexas.gov/development-services/apply-standalone-permit",
      "when": "Electrical and other standalone trade work, including applicable home backup installations. Not a complete utility-scale project checklist.",
      "agency": "City of Austin",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "NH",
      "title": "Hanover — permit applications",
      "kind": "Permit catalog",
      "url": "https://www.hanovernh.org/261/APPLICATIONS",
      "when": "Town permit and development applications; verify applicability for the project.",
      "agency": "Town of Hanover",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "City & local",
      "state": "NH",
      "title": "New Ipswich — permit applications",
      "kind": "Permit catalog",
      "url": "https://www.newipswichnh.gov/pages/permit-applications",
      "when": "Town permit applications; confirm building, zoning and other local review.",
      "agency": "Town of New Ipswich",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "County",
      "state": "US",
      "title": "Find any U.S. county government",
      "kind": "Government directory",
      "url": "https://ce.naco.org/?find=true",
      "when": "Find the county for your site, then contact its planning, floodplain, road and environmental-health offices. Counties have different powers; a county contact is not proof a permit is required.",
      "agency": "National Association of Counties",
      "researched": "2026-10-22"
    }
  ]
}